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The city has a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census. London is at the confluence of the , approximately 200 kilometres 120 mi from both , Ontario and , ; and about 230 kilometres 140 mi from ,. The City of London is a separated municipality, from , though it remains the county seat. London and the Thames were named in 1793 by , who proposed the site for the capital of. The first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman. The village was founded in 1826 and in 1855. Since then, London has grown to be the largest Southwestern Ontario municipality and Canada's , having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it. London is a regional centre of health care and education, being home to the , , and several hospitals. The city hosts a number of musical and artistic exhibits and festivals, which contribute to its tourism industry, but its economic activity is centred on education, medical research, , and. London's university and hospitals are among its top ten employers. London lies at the junction of and , connecting it to Toronto, which is directly across from , and. It also has an , train, and bus station. Prior to European contact in the 18th century, the present site of London was occupied by several , , and villages. Archaeological investigations in the region show people have resided in the area for at least the past 10,000 years. Settlement The current location of London was selected as the site of the future capital of in 1793 by who also named the village which was founded in 1826. It did not become the Simcoe envisioned. Rather, it was an administrative seat for the area west of the actual capital, now Toronto. Locally, it was part of the , named for Colonel , the chief coloniser of the area, who oversaw the land surveying and built the first for the administration of the Western Ontario peninsular region. Together with the rest of Southwestern Ontario, the village benefited from Talbot's provisions, not only for building and maintaining roads but also for assignment of access priorities to main routes to productive land. At the time, Crown and were receiving preference in the rest of Ontario. In 1814, there was a skirmish during the in what is now southwest London at Reservoir Hill, formerly Hungerford Hill. In 1832, the new settlement suffered an outbreak of. London proved a centre of strong support during the of 1837, notwithstanding a brief rebellion led by. Consequently, the British government located its Ontario peninsular garrison there in 1838, increasing its population with soldiers and their dependents, and the business support populations they required. London was incorporated as a town in 1840. On 13 April 1845, fire destroyed much of London, which was at the time largely constructed of wooden buildings. One of the first casualties was the town's only fire engine. This fire burned nearly 30 acres of land destroying 150 buildings before burning itself out later the same day. One-fifth of London was destroyed and this was the province's first million dollar fire. Development Sir , Tory MP for London, gave three events to explain the development of London in a 1901 speech. They were: the location of the court and administration in London in 1826; the arrival of the military garrison in 1838; and the arrival of the railway in 1853. The population in 1846 was 3,500. Brick buildings included a jail and court house, and a large barracks had also been built. London had a fire company, a theatre, a large Gothic church, nine other churches or chapels, and two market buildings. In 1844, a fire destroyed 150 buildings but most had been rebuilt by 1846. Connection with other communities was by road; stages ran daily. A weekly newspaper was published; the post office received mail daily. In the 1860s, a sulphur spring was discovered at the forks of the Thames River while industrialists were drilling for. The springs became a popular destination for wealthy Ontarians, until the turn of the 20th century when a was built at the site, replacing the spa. Records from 1869 indicate a population of about 18,000 served by three newspapers, churches of all major denominations and offices of all the major banks. Industry included several tanneries, oil refineries and foundries, four flour mills, the and the in addition to other manufacturing. Both the Great Western and Grand Trunk railways had stops here. The , built in 1861, an octagonal brick building with eight doors and forty-eight windows, was used for events such the held in London that year and visited by , Governor-General and Prime Minister. Several insurance companies had offices in the city. Long before the was established in 1876, there were proposals for military colleges in Canada. Staffed by British Regulars, adult male students underwent a 3 month long military courses from 1865 at the School of Military Instruction in London. Established by Militia General Order in 1865, the school enabled Officers of Militia or Candidates for Commission or promotion in the Militia to learn Military duties, drill and discipline, to command a Company at Battalion Drill, to Drill a Company at Company Drill, the internal economy of a Company and the duties of a Company's Officer. The school was not retained at Confederation, in 1867. Blackfriars Street Bridge In 1875, London's first iron bridge, the , was constructed. It replaced a succession of flood-failed wooden structures that had provided the city's only northern road crossing of the river. A rare example of a bowstring , the Blackfriars remains open to pedestrian and bicycle traffic, though it is currently closed indefinitely to vehicular traffic due to various structural problems. The Blackfriars, amidst the river-distance between the Brewery and the historic including a major mill , linked London with its western suburb of Petersville, named for Squire Peters of Grosvenor Lodge. That community joined with the southern subdivision of Kensington in 1874, formally incorporating as the municipality of Petersville. The most serious flood was in July 1883, which resulted in serious loss of life and property devaluation. This area retains much original and attractively maintained 19th-century tradespeople's and workers' housing, including cottages as well as larger houses, and a distinct. Attaining the status of town in 1881, it continued as a separate municipality until concerns over expensive waterworks and other fiscal problems led to amalgamation in 1885. Never incorporated, the South was annexed to the city in 1890, although Wortley Village still retains a distinct. By contrast, the settlement at Broughdale on the city's north end had a clear identity, adjoined the university, and was not annexed until 1961. Dowbiggin have explored the battle over vocational education in London, Ontario, in the 1900-1930 era. The London Technical and Commercial High School came under heavy attack from the city's social and business elite, which saw the school as a threat to the budget of the city's only academic high school, London Collegiate Institute. London's role as a military centre continued into the 20th century during the two World Wars, serving as the administrative centre for the Western Ontario district. In 1905, the London Armoury was built and housed the First Hussars until 1975. A private investor purchased the historic site and built a new hotel Delta London Armouries, 1996 in its place preserving the shell of the historic building. In the 1950s, two reserve battalions amalgamated and became. This unit continues to serve today as 4th Battalion,. The Regimental Headquarters of remains in London at Wolseley Barracks on Oxford Street. The barracks are home to the First Hussars militia regiment as well. Annexation to present London many of the surrounding communities in 1961, including and Masonville, adding 60,000 people and more than doubling its area. After this amalgamation, suburban growth accelerated as London grew outward in all directions, creating expansive new subdivisions such as Westmount, Oakridge, Whitehills, Pond Mills, White Oaks and Stoneybrook. In 1992, London annexed nearly the entire township of , a large, primarily directly south of the city, including the of. With this massive annexation, London almost doubled in area again, adding several thousand more residents. In modern day, London stretches south to the boundary with , north to the and , west to , and East to and The 1993 annexation made London one of the largest urban municipalities in Ontario. Intense commercial and residential development is presently occurring in the southwest and northwest areas of the city. Opponents of this development cite , destruction of rare forest and farm lands, replacement of distinctive regions by generic malls, and standard transportation and pollution concerns as major issues facing London. The City of London is currently the , , and the sixth-largest city in Ontario. Disasters On , 24 May 1881, the ferry SS Victoria capsized in the close to Cove Bridge in West London. Approximately 200 passengers drowned in the shallow river, making it one of the worst disasters in London's history, and is now dubbed 'The Victoria Day Disaster'. At the time, London's population was relatively low, therefore it was hard to find a person in the city who did not have a family member affected by the tragedy. Two years later, on 12 July 1883, the first of the two most devastating floods in London's history killed 17 people. After repeated floods, the in 1953 built Fanshawe Dam on the North Thames to control the downstream rivers. Financing for this project came from the federal, provincial, and municipal governments. Other include a 1984 that led to damage on several streets in the White Oaks area of South London. Like another ten cities in the world, this London was named after the English capital of by John Graves Simcoe, who also named the local river the Thames, in 1793. That was understandable since John Graves Simcoe and many of the original settlers were from Britain. Simcoe had intended London to be the capital of Upper Canada. The area was formed during the retreat of the during the , which produced areas of , notably the which is actually a , as well as some of the most agriculturally productive areas of farmland in Ontario. The Thames River dominates London's geography. Fanshawe Lake was created by Fanshawe Dam, constructed to protect the downriver areas from the catastrophic flooding which affected the city in 1883 and 1937. Because of its location in the continent, London experiences large contrast, tempered to a point by the surrounding. The summers are usually warm to hot and humid, with a July average of 20. In 2016, however, temperatures at or above 30 °C 86 °F occurred more than 35 times. The city is affected by frequent thunderstorms due to hot, humid summer weather, as well as the originating from and. The same convergence zone is responsible for spawning funnel clouds and the occasional tornado. London is in Canada's. Spring and autumn in between are not long, and winters are cold but witness frequent thaws. Annual precipitation averages 1,011. Its winter snowfall totals are heavy, averaging about 194 cm 76 in per year, although the localized nature of snow squalls means the total can vary widely from year to year. The majority of snow accumulation comes from and originating from Lake Huron, some 60 km 37 mi to the northwest, which occurs when strong, cold winds blow from that direction. From 5 December 2010, to 9 December 2010, London experienced record snowfall when up to 2 m 79 in of snow fell in parts of the city. Schools and businesses were closed for three days and bus service was cancelled after the second day of snow. The highest temperature ever recorded in London was 41. Climate data for London, Ontario , 1981—2010 normals, extremes 1871—present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 16. ±% 1871 18,000 — 1881 26,266 +45. Children under five accounted for approximately 5. The percentage of the resident population in London of retirement age 65 and over is 13. The average age is 38. Between 2006 and 2011, the population of metropolitan London grew by 3. According to the 2011 census, the majority of Londoners profess a faith, which accounts for 62. Other religions include 4. According to the 2011 census, 82. In the 2011 census, the predominant ethnic origins of Londoners were English 30. In February 2015, Statistics Canada published a population estimate of the London CMA of 502,360, as of July 1, 2014. Panorama of the London Skyline viewed from at the London's economy is dominated by research, , , and. Since the economic crisis of 2009, which gutted many of London's manufacturing jobs, the city has transitioned to become a technology hub with a focus on the Digital Creative sector. As of 2016, London is home to 300 technology companies and employs 3% of the city's labour force. Many of these companies have moved into former factories and industrial spaces in and around the downtown core, and have renovated them as modern offices. For example, 's London office is in a hosiery factory, and Arcane Digital moved into a 1930s industrial building in 2015. Its redesign, which opened in 2015, won the 2015 Paul Oberman Award for Adaptive Re-Use from the Architectural Conservancy of Ontario. London is also home to , which is ranked among the top websites on the Internet, video game companies , and , and , which provides voiceover artists a platform to advertise and sell their services to those looking for voiceover work. The largest employer in London is the , which employs 10,555 people. The headquarters of the Canadian division of are in London. The was founded there, as was , , and both the and breweries. The was founded in London 1951 and is the second largest in Ontario and employs over 550 people. London Life headquarters in Downtown London GDLS builds in the city. There are 2,400 workers at GDLS Canada. London's fledgling city centre mall was first opened in 1960 as Wellington Square with 400,000 sq. From 1986-89, Campeau expanded Wellington Square into Galleria London with 1,000,000 sq. However the early 1990s recession, following by the bankruptcy of Eaton's in 1999 and then the departure of The Bay in 2000 resulted in only 20 stores left by 2001. Galleria London then begun seeking non-retail tenants, becoming the home for London's branch, and satellite campuses for both and. The complex was purchased and renamed to Citi Plaza by in 2009. Citi Plaza has been redeveloped as a mixed use complex that blends retail, office, businesses, and education providers. Alongside Citi Cards Canada's offices, in November 2016, announced plans to move its expanded operations into the building. A portion of the city's population work in factories outside of the city limits, including the automotive plant , and a plant in. A in became one of the casualties of the in 2011. See also: Festivals The city is home to many festivals including , the , the , the Expressions in Chalk Street Painting Festival, , , Dundas Street Festival, and The International Food Festival. Pride London Festival is the 11th largest Pride festival in Ontario. Music was a professional symphony orchestra founded in London in 1937. Although the organization filed for bankruptcy in 2015, members of the orchestra continue to play self-produced concerts under the moniker, London Symphonia. London is also home to the London Community Orchestra, the London Youth Symphony, and the , Canada. London also has a rich history in underground music. Noise pioneers, the were formed in the city in 1965. Between 1966 and 1971, the group held a Monday night residency at the York Hotel in the city's core, which established it as a popular venue for emerging musicians and artists. Now known as Call the Office, the venue served as a hotbed for punk music in the late 1970s and 1980 and continues to host college rock bands and weekly alternative music nights. In 2003, developed the London Music Archives, an online music database that chronicles every album recorded in London between 1967 and 2006. Aeolian Hall , an internationally acclaimed big band leader, was born in London, as was jazz musician. Contemporary musicians born in London include hip hop artist and former host, , and singer-songwriter. Art The city is home to several museums, including , which is at the. Museum London exhibits art by a wide variety of local, regional and national artists. London is also home to the , owned by. Its main feature is Canada's only on-going excavation and partial reconstruction of a prehistoric village of the. The was opened at Parkwood Hospital in 2003, and tells the story of the more than 6,000 Canadian veterans who were recruited into a top-secret project during involving. The in South London provides hands-on learning experiences for children and was one of the first children's museums established in Canada. The has its headquarters in downtown London and features a medical history museum. Museum London is at the Forks of the Thames River is the former residence of the prominent Harris Family and oldest surviving such building in London. The entire property was donated to the city of London in 1959 and is now a. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected by the province to commemorate The Eldon House's role in Ontario's heritage. The Banting House National Historic Site of Canada is the house where thought of the idea that led to the discovery of. Banting lived and practiced in London for ten months, from July 1920 to May 1921. London is also the site of the Flame of Hope, which is intended to burn until a cure for is discovered. The , co-founded by in 1973, is one of Canada's first artist-run centres. It is in the SoHo neighbourhood, south of downtown. London also hosts an annual each June. Theatre The Palace Theatre is in Old East Village, east of downtown. London is home to the , a professional theatre in Central London. The building underwent renovations in 1975 to restore the stage's proscenium arch and to add a secondary performance space. The architectural firm responsible for the re-design was awarded a in 1978 for their work on the venue. In addition to professional productions, the Grand Theatre also hosts the High School Project, a program unique to North America that provides high school students an opportunity to work with professional , , , and. The Palace Theatre, in Old East Village, originally opened as a silent movie theatre in 1929 and was converted to a live theatre venue in 1991. It is currently the home of the , and as of 2016 is undergoing extensive historical restoration. The Original Kids Theatre Company, a nonprofit charitable youth organisation, currently puts on productions at the Spriet Family Theatre in the Covent Garden Market. Literature London serves a core setting in literature, most notably in the works of. Modern writers include fantasy writer , winner, , nominee, , and winner,. Words is an annual literary and creative arts festival that takes place each November. Livability Springbank Park, located along the Thames River, is London's largest park London's recent efforts and civic initiatives have allowed the city to rank high in Canadian livability lists. In 2016, magazine ranked London as the fourth best large Canadian city to live in. It also ranked fourth fifteenth overall in 2013, and fifth in 2015. In 2015, London was ranked as the sixth happiest city in Canada by Jetpac City Guides. The ranked London as the sixth best place to be a woman in 2015 and third in 2016. The city's cost of living is low compared to other southern Ontario cities. According to the London St. London has nine major parks and gardens throughout the city, many of which run along the and are interconnected by a series of pedestrian and bike paths, known as the Thames Valley Parkway. This path system is 40 km 25 mi in length, and connects to an additional 150 km 93 mi of bike and hiking trails throughout the city. The city's largest park, , is 140-hectare 300 acre and contains 30 km 19 mi of trails. It is also home to Storybook Gardens, a family attraction open year-round. London is among the best places to retire in Ontario, according to Comfort Life, a publication for seniors because of safety, affordability and the short distance to nearby beaches such as , and. Budweiser Gardens is home to the London Knights and the London Lightning London is currently the home of the of the , who play at the. The Knights are 2004—2005 and 2015—2016 OHL and Champions. During the summer months, the of the play at. The club was founded in 1973; it is the oldest active professional soccer franchise in North America. The squad plays at at the German Canadian Club. Other sports teams include the London Silver Dolphins Swim Team, the Forest City Volleyball Club, London Cricket Club, the London St. George's Rugby Club, the London Aquatics Club, the London Rhythmic Gymnastics Club, the London Rowing Club, London City Soccer Club and. Labatt Memorial Park is the oldest operating baseball diamond in North America Football teams include the London Beefeaters Ontario Football Conference. London's basketball team, the plays at as members of the. Finishing their inaugural regular season at 28—8, the Lightning would go on to win the NBL Canada championship, defeating the in the finals three games to two. There are also a number of former sports teams that have moved or folded. London's four former baseball teams are the , the , the and the AA. Other former sports teams include the London Lasers and the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League. In March 2013, London hosted the. The University of Western Ontario's teams play under the name Mustangs. The university's football team plays at. Western's Rowing Team rows out of a boathouse at Fanshawe Lake. Fanshawe College teams play under the name Falcons. The Women's Cross Country team has won 3 consecutive CCAA National Championships. In 2010, the program cemented itself as the first CCAA program to win both Men's and Women's National team titles, as well as CCAA Coach of the Year. The Western Fair Raceway, about 85 acres track and simulcast centre, operates year-round. The grounds include a coin slot , a former theatre, and Sports and Agri-complex. The , at the former , is the only indoor cycling track in Ontario and the third to be built in North America, opened in 2005. Current franchises Active sports teams in London Club League Sport Venue Established Championships 1965 4 1950 7 2011 3 1925 9 Marshall Premiership 1959 0 2009 1 TD Waterhouse Stadium 1975 1 2003 0 Wellington Street in downtown London viewed atop London City Hall London's is divided among fourteen one representing each of London's fourteen and the. Prior to Brown's election, London's was ; following Fontana's resignation on 19 June 2014, city councillor Joe Swan served as until councillor Joni Baechler was selected as interim mayor 24 June. Until the elections in 2010, there was a , consisting of four controllers and the mayor, all elected citywide. Although London has many ties to , it is a totally separate entity; the two have no jurisdictional overlap. The exception is the Middlesex County courthouse and former jail, as the judiciary is administered directly by the province. In spite of some controversy about this move, London was the first city in Canada in May 2017 to decide to move a ranked choice ballot for municipal elections starting in 2018. Voters will mark their ballots in order of preference, ranking their top three favourite candidates. No single individual is required to get at least 50% of the vote in the balloting to be elected. In 2001, the City of London first published their Facilities Accessibility Design Standards FADS which was one of the first North American municipal requirements to include. It has since been adopted by over 50 municipalities in and the. City councilors In addition to mayor the following were elected in the for the 2014-2018 term. In the , London is represented by ; , and : and. Federal ridings The London and surrounding area includes four federal ridings. In the , London is represented by Conservative , Liberals and London West , and NDP. Serial killing Between 1959 and 1984, London contained the largest concentration of in the world, as the city was startled by 29 murders. Civic initiatives The City of London initiatives in Old East London are helping to create a renewed sense of vigour in the East London Business District. Specific initiatives include the creation of the Old East Heritage Conservation District under Part V of the Ontario Heritage Act, special Building Code policies and Facade Restoration Programs. The City Council and tourist industry have created projects to replant trees throughout the city. As well, they have begun to erect metal trees of various colours in the downtown area, causing some controversy. Also, , which diverges from the 401 at nearby , provides ready access to , , the area, and the. Many smaller two-lane also pass through or near London, including , , , and 22. Nevertheless, these roads continue to provide access from London to nearby communities and locations in much of , including , and. Thus, traffic times can be significantly variable, although major traffic jams are rare. Wellington Road between Commissioners Road E and Southdale Road E is London's busiest section of roadway, with more than 46,000 vehicles using the span on an average day City council rejected early plans for the construction of a freeway, and instead accepted the to serve the east end. Some Londoners have expressed concern the absence of a local freeway may hinder London's economic and population growth, while others have voiced concern such a freeway would destroy environmentally sensitive areas and contribute to London's suburban sprawl. Road capacity improvements have been made to Veterans Memorial Parkway formerly named Airport Road and in the industrialized east end. However, the Parkway has received criticism for not being built as a proper highway; a recent city-run study suggested upgrading it by replacing the intersections with interchanges. Public transit London Transit Commission Bus In the late 19th Century, and the early 20th Century, an extensive network of streetcar routes served London. London's system is run by the , which has 44 bus routes throughout the city. Although the city has lost ridership over the last few years, the commission is making concerted efforts to enhance services by implementing a five-year improvement plan. In 2015, an additional 17,000 hours of bus service was added throughout the city. In 2016, 11 new operators, 5 new busses, and another 17,000 hours of bus service were added to the network. Bus service is currently the only mode of public transit available to the public in London, with no available networks like those used in other Canadian cities. However, city council approved a BRT network, named , in May 2016. The network will consist of two corridors serving each end of the city, and meeting at a central hub in the downtown. Construction is expected to begin in 2018, with the service fully operational by 2025. A separated bike lane in Wortley Village Cycling network London has 330 km 205 mi of cycling paths throughout the city, 91 km 59 mi of which have been added since 2005. In June 2016, London unveiled its first bike corrals, which replace parking for one vehicle with fourteen bicycle parking spaces, and fix-it stations, which provide cyclists with simple tools and a bicycle pump, throughout the city. In September 2016, city council approved a new 15 year cycling master plan that will see the construction of an additional 470 km 292 mi of cycling paths added to the existing network. Intercity transport The station in downtown London is Canada's fourth busiest railway terminal. London is on the main line between Toronto and with a secondary main line to and the main line between Toronto and Detroit. Via Rail's London terminal is the fourth-busiest passenger terminal in Canada. London is also a destination for inter-city travellers. London is the seventh-busiest terminal in terms of passengers, and connecting services radiate from London throughout and through to the American cities of , and ,. It is served by airlines including , and , and provides direct flights to both domestic and international destinations, including , , , , , , , , , , , and. Additional cycleways are planned for integration in road-widening projects, where there is need and sufficient space along routes. The City of London has assessed the entire length of the Veterans Memorial Parkway, identifying areas where interchanges can be constructed, grade separations can occur, and where can be placed. Upon completion, the Veterans Memorial Parkway would no longer be an expressway, but a freeway, for the majority of its length. See also: London public and are governed by four — the , the and the French first language school boards the and the or CSC. The CSC has a satellite office in London. There are also more than twenty private schools in the city. London is home to , the highest ranking academic school in Ontario. The city is home to two institutions: the UWO and , a college of applied arts and technology. UWO, founded in 1878, has about 3500 full-time faculty and staff members and almost 30,000 and students. It placed tenth in the 2008 magazine rankings of Canadian. The , part of UWO, was formed in 1922 and ranked among the best in the country by the in 2009. UWO has three affiliated colleges: , founded in 1919 Canada's only university-level women's college ; , founded in 1863 also the founding college of UWO and , founded in 1954. All three are with religious affiliations: Huron with the , King's and Brescia with the Roman Catholic Church. London is also home to one of few of its kind. Fanshawe College has an enrollment of approximately 15,000 students, including 3,500 apprentices and over 500 international students from over 30 countries. It also has almost 40,000 students in part-time courses. Fanshawe's KPI have been over the provincial average for many years now, with increasing percentages year by year. The OIART , founded in 1983, offers recording studio experience for audio engineering students. This private career college was founded in 1885 and offers several diploma programs. Retrieved 15 February 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2017. Byron:Pioneer Days in Westminster Township. Archived from on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2009. Archived from on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2009. Archived from PDF on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009. 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